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Andreas Schmittner
College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences
Oregon State University
104 Ocean Admin Bldg
Corvallis, OR 97331
Office: Burt 256
Phone: 541 – 737 9952
email: aschmitt@coas.oregonstate.edu
http://people.coas.oregonstate.edu/~schmita2
Table of Contents1 Introduction............................................................................................................................................ 42 Earth's Energy Budget............................................................................................................................ 52.1 The Zero-Dimensional Energy Balance Model.............................................................................. 62.2 The Ice-Albedo Feedback...............................................................................................................82.3 Climate Sensitivity....................................................................................................................... 112.4 Stochastic Climate Models........................................................................................................... 162.5 The One-Dimensional Energy Balance Model............................................................................. 182.6 Numerics...................................................................................................................................... 202.6.1 Numerical Solution of the Advection Equation.................................................................... 222.6.2 Numerical Solution of the Diffusion Equation..................................................................... 272.7 The Two-Dimensional Energy Balance Model............................................................................ 283 The Hydrological Cycle....................................................................................................................... 294 The Carbon Cycle................................................................................................................................ 305 Atmosphere.......................................................................................................................................... 315.1 Radiative-Convective Models...................................................................................................... 315.2 A Simple Model of the Hadley Circulation.................................................................................. 365.3 General Circulation Models......................................................................................................... 435.3.1 The Primitive Equations....................................................................................................... 435.3.2 Surface Processes..................................................................................................................455.3.3 Moist Processes.................................................................................................................... 455.3.4 Parameterizations.................................................................................................................. 465.4 Non-linear Dynamics and Chaos.................................................................................................. 486 Ocean................................................................................................................................................... 506.1 A Simple Box Model of the Thermohaline Circulation ...............................................................506.2 Ocean General Circulation Models.............................................................................................. 547 Cryosphere........................................................................................................................................... 557.1 Sea Ice.......................................................................................................................................... 557.2 A Simple Ice Sheet Model ........................................................................................................... 587.2.1 Perfectly plastic solution for an ice sheet on a flat base....................................................... 587.2.2 Bedrock adjustment.............................................................................................................. 607.2.3 A numerical model using Glen's law.................................................................................... 608 Biosphere............................................................................................................................................. 618.1 Daisyworld: A Simple Vegetation Model..................................................................................... 618.2 State-of-the-Science Dynamic Global Vegetation Models........................................................... 618.3 Ocean Ecosystem and Carbon Cycle Models...............................................................................619 Interactions in the Climate System...................................................................................................... 6610 Applications: Past and Future Climate Changes................................................................................ 6611 Comparison with Observations.......................................................................................................... 66
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