python爬虫之代理

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一、用户代理User-Agent缘起
User Agent=用户代理，简称 UA，
它是一个特殊字符串头，使得服务器能够识别客户使用的操作系统及版本、CPU 类型、浏览器及版本、浏览器渲染引擎、浏览器语言、浏览器插件等
一些网站常常通过判断 UA 来给不同的操作系统、不同的浏览器发送不同的页面，
因此可能造成某些页面无法在某个浏览器中正常显示，但通过伪装 UA 可以绕过检测
默认情况下，urllib.request把自己的版本号作为身份证，例如Python-urllib/3.6作为身份证号码来通过检查，
这个身份证号码可能会被拒绝
我们可以让Python程序冒充浏览器访问网站
网站是通过浏览器发送的 User-Agent 的值来确认浏览器身份的，
用urllib.request创建一个请求对象，并给它一个包含 [头数据] 的字典，修改 User-Agent 欺骗网站，
一般，把 User-Agent 修改为Internet Explorer是最安全的，其他的也行。
一般，PC端反爬虫更用心，移动端很少反爬虫
最全User-Agent列表：
可能是最全的User-Agent列表
User Agent String

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二、常见的 User-Agent和proxy列表

proxy和agent都是“代理”欺骗网站的一个手段是“代理池轮询”，即不断换代理来访问网站，
这些代理列表就是这个“代理池”了

userAgentList = [
  "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; AcooBrowser; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727)",
  "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.0; Acoo Browser; SLCC1; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; Media Center PC 5.0; .NET CLR 3.0.04506)",
  "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; AOL 9.5; AOLBuild 4337.35; Windows NT 5.1; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727)",
  "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 9.0; en-US)",
  "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; Trident/5.0; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; Media Center PC 6.0)",
  "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.0; Trident/4.0; WOW64; Trident/4.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 1.0.3705; .NET CLR 1.1.4322)",
  "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0b; Windows NT 5.2; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; InfoPath.2; .NET CLR 3.0.04506.30)",
  "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; zh-CN) AppleWebKit/523.15 (KHTML, like Gecko, Safari/419.3) Arora/0.3 (Change: 287 c9dfb30)",
  "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux; en-US) AppleWebKit/527+ (KHTML, like Gecko, Safari/419.3) Arora/0.6",
  "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.8.1.2pre) Gecko/20070215 K-Ninja/2.1.1",
  "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; zh-CN; rv:1.9) Gecko/20080705 Firefox/3.0 Kapiko/3.0",
  "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux i686; U;) Gecko/20070322 Kazehakase/0.4.5",
  "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux i686; en-US; rv:1.9.0.8) Gecko Fedora/1.9.0.8-1.fc10 Kazehakase/0.5.6",
  "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/535.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/17.0.963.56 Safari/535.11",
  "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_7_3) AppleWebKit/535.20 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1036.7 Safari/535.20",
  "Opera/9.80 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.6.8; U; fr) Presto/2.9.168 Version/11.52",
]

PROXIES = [
'58.20.238.103:9797',
'123.7.115.141:9797',
'121.12.149.18:2226',
'176.31.96.198:3128',
'61.129.129.72:8080',
'115.238.228.9:8080',
'124.232.148.3:3128',
'124.88.67.19:80',
'60.251.63.159:8080',
'118.180.15.152:8102'   
]

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三、字典形式的常见代理

User-Agent做成字典形式，方便以后当成模块导入使用，适用于需要特定浏览器的页面

PC端代理：
pcUserAgent = {
"safari 5.1 – MAC":"User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; Intel Mac OS X 10_6_8; en-us) AppleWebKit/534.50 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.1 Safari/534.50",
"safari 5.1 – Windows":"User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 6.1; en-us) AppleWebKit/534.50 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.1 Safari/534.50",
"IE 9.0":"User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0);",
"IE 8.0":"User-Agent:Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.0; Trident/4.0)",
"IE 7.0":"User-Agent:Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.0)",
"IE 6.0":"User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)",
"Firefox 4.0.1 – MAC":"User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.6; rv:2.0.1) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/4.0.1",
"Firefox 4.0.1 – Windows":"User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; rv:2.0.1) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/4.0.1",
"Opera 11.11 – MAC":"User-Agent:Opera/9.80 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.6.8; U; en) Presto/2.8.131 Version/11.11",
"Opera 11.11 – Windows":"User-Agent:Opera/9.80 (Windows NT 6.1; U; en) Presto/2.8.131 Version/11.11",
"Chrome 17.0 – MAC":"User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_7_0) AppleWebKit/535.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/17.0.963.56 Safari/535.11",
"Maxthon":"User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; Maxthon 2.0)",
"Tencent TT":"User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; TencentTraveler 4.0)",
"The World 2.x":"User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1)",
"The World 3.x":"User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; The World)",
"sogou 1.x":"User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; Trident/4.0; SE 2.X MetaSr 1.0; SE 2.X MetaSr 1.0; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; SE 2.X MetaSr 1.0)",
"360":"User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; 360SE)",
"Avant":"User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; Avant Browser)",
"Green Browser":"User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1)"
}

移动端代理：
mobileUserAgent = {
"iOS 4.33 – iPhone":"User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0 (iPhone; U; CPU iPhone OS 4_3_3 like Mac OS X; en-us) AppleWebKit/533.17.9 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.0.2 Mobile/8J2 Safari/6533.18.5",
"iOS 4.33 – iPod Touch":"User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0 (iPod; U; CPU iPhone OS 4_3_3 like Mac OS X; en-us) AppleWebKit/533.17.9 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.0.2 Mobile/8J2 Safari/6533.18.5",
"iOS 4.33 – iPad":"User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0 (iPad; U; CPU OS 4_3_3 like Mac OS X; en-us) AppleWebKit/533.17.9 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.0.2 Mobile/8J2 Safari/6533.18.5",
"Android N1":"User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; U; Android 2.3.7; en-us; Nexus One Build/FRF91) AppleWebKit/533.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Mobile Safari/533.1",
"Android QQ":"User-Agent: MQQBrowser/26 Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; U; Android 2.3.7; zh-cn; MB200 Build/GRJ22; CyanogenMod-7) AppleWebKit/533.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Mobile Safari/533.1",
"Android Opera ":"User-Agent: Opera/9.80 (Android 2.3.4; Linux; Opera Mobi/build-1107180945; U; en-GB) Presto/2.8.149 Version/11.10",
"Android Pad Moto Xoom":"User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; U; Android 3.0; en-us; Xoom Build/HRI39) AppleWebKit/534.13 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Safari/534.13",
"BlackBerry":"User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (BlackBerry; U; BlackBerry 9800; en) AppleWebKit/534.1+ (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/6.0.0.337 Mobile Safari/534.1+",
"WebOS HP Touchpad":"User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (hp-tablet; Linux; hpwOS/3.0.0; U; en-US) AppleWebKit/534.6 (KHTML, like Gecko) wOSBrowser/233.70 Safari/534.6 TouchPad/1.0",
"Nokia N97":"User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (SymbianOS/9.4; Series60/5.0 NokiaN97-1/20.0.019; Profile/MIDP-2.1 Configuration/CLDC-1.1) AppleWebKit/525 (KHTML, like Gecko) BrowserNG/7.1.18124",
"Windows Phone Mango":"User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows Phone OS 7.5; Trident/5.0; IEMobile/9.0; HTC; Titan)",
"UC":"User-Agent: UCWEB7.0.2.37/28/999",
"UC standard":"User-Agent: NOKIA5700/ UCWEB7.0.2.37/28/999",
"UCOpenwave":"User-Agent: Openwave/ UCWEB7.0.2.37/28/999",
"UC Opera":"User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; ) Opera/UCWEB7.0.2.37/28/999"
}

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四、冒充苹果浏览器手机版，访问百度首页

from urllib import request as r
import userAgents #代理字典文件，即附件userAgents.py，即第三部分的代码

#访问百度首页：
url = 'http://www.baidu.com'


#选择浏览器header：
UA = userAgents.mobileUserAgent['iOS 4.33 – iPhone']


request =r.Request(url)
request.add_header('User-Agent',UA.split(':')[1])
response =r.urlopen(request)


#保存文件：
fp=open('UA.html','w',encoding='utf-8')
fp.write(response.read().decode('utf-8'))
fp.close()

结果：

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五、另一个“代理”proxy

使用爬虫时，有些网站拒绝了一些IP的直接访问
这时，就不得不使用proxy了
免费的proxy，网上有很多，本帖第二部分也列出了一些，
以下示例用于监测代理是否可用，选择局域网自设的代理---http://192.168.1.99:8080，来访问百度首页，
示例设定了一个特征词“www.baidu.com”，如果能在返回的结果中取得这个特征词，则该proxy可用


代码：
from urllib import request as R
import sys
import re

#代理：
proxy='http://192.168.1.99:8080'

#访问网址：
url = 'https://www.baidu.com'

#在网页返回的数据中能找到这个关键词则代理有效：
flagWord = 'www.baidu.com'

protocol = proxy.split('://')[0]
proxy_handler = R.ProxyHandler({protocol: proxy})
opener = R.build_opener(proxy_handler)
R.install_opener(opener)
try:
    response = R.urlopen(url,timeout =5)
except Exception as e:
    print('连接失败')
    sys.exit(0)
result = response.read().decode('utf-8')
if re.search(flagWord, result):
    print('代理可用')
else:
    print('代理不可用')

结果：代理可用

MyOpenGFM

重点是IP，相对于“浩瀚”的IP来说，合法的User-Agent简直少的可怜，用李某的话说“跟IP一比，User-Agent等于没有”

15195775117

MyOpenGFM 发表于 2020-12-22 09:14
重点是IP，相对于“浩瀚”的IP来说，合法的User-Agent简直少的可怜，用李某的话说“跟IP一比，User-Agent等 ...

毕竟浏览器就那么些