介绍汽车尾气排放模型IH35及美国环保署汽车尾气等定量模型

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      先引一篇论文的摘要：“机动车排放是世界许多城市的主要空气污染源(Mayer,1999;Chanetal.,2004).到2003年底,上海机动车保有量已达173.76×104辆,其中摩托车98.46×104辆(上海市统计局,2004).机动车排放所造成的空气污染已成为上海突出的环境问题,同时也是上海大气环境污染防治的重点(陆玉书,1998).为有效遏制机动车污染,世界各国广泛使用美国环保局(EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,EPA)开发的MOBILE模型或欧盟环保署(EuropeanEnviron mentalAgency,EEA)的COPERT(Ntziachristoset al.,2000;Ekstr metal.,2004)模型来定量计算城市机动车污染物排放.傅立新(1997;2000)、何东全(1998)、祝昌健(1997)、李修刚(2001)等人分别利用MOBILE模型研究了北京、广州、南京等城市的机动车污染物排放特征。”           
        对于大气污染模型，本人不太了解。上网浏览之下，发现一个模型IH35似乎值得介绍。主页地址为：http://www.ce.utexas.edu/prof/ma ... nge/termpro.hml.htm。本模型的主持人之一MAIDMENT是GIS在水文学方面应用研究的大牛，也是名著《水文学手册》的主编。GIS与空气污染定量模拟结合具有相当的潜力，有兴趣的网友可自行浏览。
DATABASE DEVOPMENT FOR IH 35 AIR POLLUTION MODELINGby Wade StrangeTerm Project for
CE 397 GIS in Water Resources
University of Texas at Austin

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

• Mission Statement
• Emissions Estimates Used
  
  • Getting Familiar with Mobile
  • Traffic Data Sources
    
• GIS Work
  
  • Obtaining Coverages of Study Region
  • Creating Traffic Monitoring Location Coverages
    
• Incorporating GIS with Mobile 5a
  
  • A Logical Segmentation Using GIS
  • Running Mobile 5a
    
• Viewing the Results
• Future Work
• Appendices
  
  • GIS Data Dictionary
  • Mobile 5a Data Dictionary
    

    以上网站还链接到美国环保署属下的空气污染类定量模拟网站：http://www.epa.gov/OMSWWW/models.htm，比如“ EPA's Vehicle and Engine Emission Modeling Software page.”，现摘录Modeling and Inventories如下：

      The following information covers OTAQ modeling and inventories. Modeling is EPA's method for estimating emissions from on-road vehicles, nonroad sources, and fuels. Inventories are calculations of total emissions of a pollutant for a given area at a defined time and set of conditions.

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MOVES (MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator) is EPA’s current official model for estimating air pollution emissions from cars, trucks and motorcycles. In the future the model will also cover nonroad emissions.

NONROAD Model links to information on the NONROAD emission inventory model, which is a software tool for predicting emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter, and sulfur dioxides from small and large nonroad vehicles, equipment, and engines.

NMIM, or National Mobile Inventory Model, is a free, desktop computer application developed by EPA to help you develop estimates of current and future emission inventories for on-road motor vehicles and nonroad equipment. NMIM uses current versions of MOBILE6 and NONROAD to calculate emission inventories, based on multiple input scenarios that you enter into the system. You can use NMIM to calculate national, individual state, or county inventories.

MOBILE Model links to information on the MOBILE vehicle emission factor model, which was EPA’s official model for estimating air pollution emissions from cars, trucks, and motorcycles until it was replaced by MOVES.

Fuel Effects on Vehicle Emissions links to information on test programs and modeling estimating the emissions impacts of changes in fuel properties and composition. Information on how fuel effects are applied in MOVES and NONROAD is available on the web pages for those models.

OMEGA, the Optimization Model for Reducing Emissions of Greenhouse Gases from Automobiles, which estimates the technology cost for automobile manufacturers to achieve variable fleet-wide levels of vehicle greenhouse gas emissions.

GEM, the Greenhouse gas Emissions Model, estimates the greenhouse gas emissions and fuel efficiency performance of specific aspects of heavy-duty vehicles. This model is a means for determining compliance with EPA’s GHG emissions standards and NHTSA’s fuel consumption standards, for Class 7 and 8 combination tractors and Class 2b-8 vocational vehicles.

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顺便附上一条相关消息：                     美国环保署发布研究大气污染的空气质量模型
                                                文章来源：中国科技资源共享网    更新时间：2011-10-24 09:25:16
        美国环保署发布了新版社区通用换算空气质量模式(CMAQ) ，利用每分钟的气象状态和空气化学过程数据，确定天气状况如何影响污染，污染如何影响天气以及造成天气变化。 科学家们利用5.0版社区控制质量模式（CMAQ）能在更小范围内、以更好的分辨率设置，对单个市镇和城市进行分析，并模拟整个北半球的空气质量。当前科学家们利用CMAQ预测地区和国家范围的空气质量水平。
        “更大范围内应用CMAQ模型让科学家们能更好地理解全球空气污染迁徙方式，并给决策者提供更多的所需信息保护公众健康。”美国环保署研发办公室的阿纳斯塔斯.保罗表示。“这个模式代表着工程学、化学、数学、计算机科学、大气科学和气象学的科学家们的协同合作。”
        空气质量对人民健康有直接影响。美国环保署研究显示，受到普通污染物比如臭氧、酸性气体以及悬浮微粒中的有毒物质污染的空气，能让哮喘患者症状加重，并对心血管系统造成压力。CMAQ 5.0让科学家们研究当地和更大范围内的空气污染。5.0版本具有利用其他空气质量模型数据的能力。这使该系统更有适应性，能处理新的和复杂性增强的空气污染问题，并吸纳全球CMAQ使用者输入的数据。
        美国环保署和空气质量管理部门对更早版本的使用超过了10年。CMAQ 利用气象学数据和排放物数据评估空气污染物趋势和分布。这个系统模型囊括多种空气污染物，其中包括臭氧、还有悬浮微粒以及空气酸性物质，帮助空气质量监管者确定社区、地区以及各州的最佳控制质量管理情境。美国国家气象局也利用CMAQ制作每天的美国控制质量预报。

ayzqs

这方面的课题估计会热起来的

kongfeng0824

不错的。最近在研究API和降水的关系。可以借鉴看看

lcmm1111

非常好！多谢！