沙尘气溶胶大作

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Mineral Dust:A Key Player in the Earth System

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This is a book about mineral dust in the Earth’s atmosphere. Atmospheric dust
consists of tiny mineral particles, which mostly originate from soils in the arid and
semi-arid parts of the Earth and can be transported over distances of many thousands
of kilometres to be finally deposited on soil, plants and glaciers or into the ocean.
Dust is a fascinating, truly interdisciplinary and rapidly growing research topic
for many reasons. Dust storms are dramatic meteorological events that can have
considerable impacts on human activities reaching from health and agriculture to
industrial production, (air-)traffic and military operations. Dust changes the global
energy and carbon budgets and thereby affects climate and even weather in multiple
ways. The amounts of dust in the atmosphere, its sources and transport patterns
have changed considerably through climate history, providing an important source
of information for reconstructions. It is currently debated what role dust may play in
manmade climate change. This book attempts to give a comprehensive overview of
the full range of current dust research and the underpinning fundamental scientific
concepts while at the same time explaining concrete applications of this science. It
mainly addresses researchers from the postgraduate to the senior level, but at least
parts of it should be useful for specialised teaching activities (e.g. summer schools).

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Peter Knippertz
Looking back at my scientific career so far, it is interesting to reflect upon
how I increasingly became involved in dust research. The initial spark was the
extraordinary dust storm of 3–6 March 2004, which affected almost entire northern
Africa for several days. By the time of this event I had just completed my PhD
at the University of Cologne (Germany) on rainfall variability in northwestern
Africa and had moved on to a postdoc fellowship at the University of Wisconsin–
Madison (USA). The first Meteosat Second Generation satellite (Meteosat-8) had
just become operational in time for this event on 29 January 2004. The extension to
12 channels, several of which in the infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum,
allowed for the first time visualizing dust plumes over land and water in a clear
and consistent way with 15-min time resolution.Watching animations of this storm
over and over again, I decided to conduct a detailed case study, which led to my
first publication on dust (Knippertz and Fink, 2006, Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc.).
After my return to Germany in 2005, I became involved with the SAMUM (Saharan
Mineral Dust Experiment) project that brought me to Morocco and the Cape Verde
Islands for dust-related fieldwork and led to numerous new contacts, collaborations
and publications across Europe. In 2010, after my move to the University of Leeds
(UK), I was granted my first own project on dust entitled “Desert Storms” through
the European Research Council Starting Grant scheme, which allowed me to focus
very strongly on meteorological aspects of dust uplift. Today, after another move
back to Germany, dust science makes up an important part of my research portfolio,
demonstrating how the invention of new technology (Meteosat) in combination with
a spectacular single meteorological event (the March 2004 dust storm) can shape a
research career for years. This book is yet another step in the growing importance
that dust research has taken in my scientific interest and research work.
Of course, a book of this breadth of topics can hardly be assembled by one person
alone. Therefore I am very grateful to Jan-Berend Stuut for the long-term fruitful
and enjoyable collaboration, both for organising the EGU dust sessions and for
editing this book. Only this collaboration made it possible to fully bridge the wide
gap from dust particles acting as ice nuclei to the evolution of the Chinese Loess
Plateau. I’m also thankful to the fantastic team of chapter authors that brought the
fascinating range of dust research to life in this book. It is an honour to be an editor
for such an excellent group of international experts, who have not only put together
their own chapters but also contributed substantially by reviewing the chapters of
others. I would like to thank the EGU for providing a great forum over the years
to assemble the dust community at their annual meetings and all the scientists that
have contributed to make the dust sessions lively and inspiring. Many of those have
contributed significantly to my interest in and research on dust through fruitful
collaborations and joint papers, and I won’t be able to provide an exhaustive list
here. To mention at least a few I would like to thank Andreas Fink for sharing the
enthusiasm about the March 2004 storm and many other interesting meteorological
events; Lothar Schütz, Konrad Kandler, Albert Ansmann and many others involved
in SAMUM for opening the project up generously and widely for my participation;
Amato Evan and Helen Brindley for giving me a better satellite perspective on dust;
Martin Todd, Cyrille Flamant and Diana Bou Karam for fruitful discussions and
joint papers; as well as my students, postdocs and colleagues at the Universities of
Mainz (Carmen Emmel née Deutscher, Gregor Gläser) and Leeds (John Marsham,
Bernd Heinold, Kerstin Schepanski, Carl Gilkeson, Sophie Cowie, Alex Roberts,
Stephanie Fiedler, Bradley Jemmett-Smith) as well as at the Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology (Florian Pantillon) for their fantastic research on dust and collaboration.
Last but not least I am much obliged to those that funded this research over the past
10 years: the European Research Council (ERC), the German Science Foundation
(DFG) and the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU).
Leeds, UK Peter Knippertz
Karlsruhe, Germany
July 2014

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Jan-Berend W. Stuut
Ever sincemyMaster’s project, during which I tried to recognise and quantify windblown
dust in marine sediments from the Indian Ocean, I have been fascinated
by aeolian dust. Together with and supervised by Maarten Prins, we managed
to characterise and quantify dust in marine sediments from both the Indian- and
south-eastern Atlantic oceans, simply by studying the grain-size distribution of
deep-marine sediments. A powerful proxy indeed! I continued studying mineral
dust for my PhD studies offshore Namibia and established a reconstruction of
environmental changes in south-western Africa. It turned out that climate in this
part of Africa was related to ocean circulation but showed a pattern that was exactly
opposite to the well-established paleoclimate records from the northern hemisphere.
When looking at these records I am literally still amazed how the patterns in the
grain size of the terrigenous sediments and those in the •18O of surface-ocean
unicellular calcifiers line up so nicely although they are totally independent proxies!
After finishing my PhD in 2001, I moved on to the University of Bremen, Germany,
for a postdoc to study mineral dust in marine sediments offshore Chile to see if
climate throughout the late Quaternary followed the same southern-hemisphere
pattern, which it did! I thank both Gerold Wefer and Dierk Hebbeln for their
unrelenting support and for giving me the freedom to go my own way “chasing
dust” during two more postdoc phases in Bremen.
While studying dust in marine sediment archives, I found that it is quite possible
and of vital importance to ground-truth observations inferred from dust deposits
by comparing them with present-day processes of dust mobilisation, dispersal,
and deposition. I am much obliged to Ralph Schneider who invited me to join
his research cruise on board RV Meteor in 1998 to collect Saharan dust from the
atmosphere while sailing from southern Spain to Gabon all along the west African
coast. This was a typical example of being at the right place at the right time because
we happened to sail through a few giant dust outbreaks: an amazing experience and
probably a trigger similar to Peter’s observation of the March 2004 dust storm. For
the first time we managed to combine the set of actual dust samples collected on
board the ship with satellite data and the daily meteorological observations done
by the German Weather Service on board the ship. By studying back-trajectories
of the different air masses we located with the weather-balloon data, we managed
to trace the different dust particles back to their sources. Many ship cruises and
dust sampling campaigns later we still have more questions than answers regarding
dust dispersal and deposition and also the marine environmental effects of dust
deposition: enough work to be done!
One more colleague that played a critical role in my dusty career is Patrick De
Deckker who picked up and stimulated my curiosity after the role of the southern
hemisphere on global climate. Within weeks after we met, he managed to transfer
our ideas into an ARC (the Australian NSF) proposal to study Australian dust
sources. We got funded to go into the Australian outback to fingerprint the many
different dust sources based on geology, mineralogy, chemistry and microbiology.
These field trips were truly amazing and they broadened my horizon in many ways.
Another event that I think has been essential in shaping my dusty career is a
project by the Dutch TV channel VPRO, who organised a trip on board the clipper
Stad Amsterdam in 2010, retracing Charles Darwin’s travels on board HMS Beagle.
They allowed me to participate in this cruise by installing a dust collector on deck
sampling the atmosphere offshore the large deserts they passed, just like Darwin
did. The trip made me aware of how easily scientific results can be misused to make
money. On the ship I discussed a lot with a so-called geo-engineer who wanted to
make money by fertilising the ocean with powdered iron ore in order to combat
global warming. His motivation was based on John Martin’s iron hypothesis which
states that phytoplankton can sequester CO2 from the atmosphere, and that there are
certain iron-limited parts of the ocean in which phytoplankton can benefit from iron
additions. These discussions convinced me of the fact that fundamental research is
of vital importance for applied sciences as well and that great care should be taken
when disturbing natural balances. As a result I am now working on three parallel
projects in which we collect Saharan dust along a transatlantic transect between
NW Africa and the Caribbean using tethered surface buoys and moored submarine
sediment traps to study the marine environmental effects of dust deposition.
When I wanted to present my results in a big meeting like the European
Geosciences Union, I found that actually there were no sessions in which my work
fitted very well. As a result, the EGU program committee (by then still called EGS)
was kind enough to allow Maarten Prins and me to organise our first dust session in
Nice in 2004. It came down to us writing emails to invite people that we only knew
from their dusty papers and ask them to join us in Nice to discuss mineral dust.
The incredible thing was: virtually all these famous people (e.g., Grant McTainsh
a.k.a. “Dr Dust”, Joe Prospero, Ed Derbyshire, Martin Iriondo, Misao Mikami, Ina
Tegen, Slobodan Markovic, Jean Robert Petit, Ludwig Zöller, Patrick De Deckker,
Dennis Rousseau, Ian Smalley, to name a few) responded enthusiastically and
came! From the first one on, our dust session was a great success with many
very interesting contributions from almost all scientific disciplines one can think of
related to mineral dust, which are also presented in this book. Throughout the years
I had the pleasure to have worked together with different co-convenors (Maarten
Prins, Andreas Baas, Peter Knippertz, Sue McLaren) and our sessions have been
a continuous success, supported by many contributors presenting their fascinating
work and ideas. I have enjoyed bringing people together in workshops and sessions
like this and this book is just another result from this exercise of bridging gaps
between scientific disciplines.
I wish to explicitly thank my co-editor Peter Knippertz who also put a lot of
energy in organising the sessions in Vienna and came up with the idea to produce a
state-of-the-art overview of the interdisciplinary studies of mineral dust in the form
of this book.
Last but not least I would like to thank my direct dusty teammates in Bremen and
at NIOZ, Inka Meyer, Conny Saukel, Carmen Friese, Malte Jäger, Felix Temmesfeld,
Michelle van der Does, Laura Korte, Chris Munday, Geert-Jan Brummer,
Esmee Geerken, Yvo Witte, Edwin Keijzer, and Bob Koster as well as generous
funding by NIOZ and MARUM and by the German Science Foundation (DFG)
through the DFG-Research Center/Cluster of Excellence “The Ocean in the Earth
System”, the Dutch Science Foundation (NWO), the Qatari Science Foundation
(QNRF), the Australian Science Foundation (ARC), and the European Research
Council (ERC).
Texel, The Netherlands Jan-BerendW. Stuut
Bremen, Germany
July 2014

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第一章预览

南宫海语

看起来不错的样子~

风儿飘飘

不错的内容，下载下来看看！

一手好牌如何打

感謝，細心

deanchen

南宫海语 发表于 2015-10-8 13:29
看起来不错的样子~

谢谢支持，坦白说是有点贵，所以放了介绍

aeromancy

贡献怎么增加呢